PSYCHOLINGUISTIC “CHILD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVELOPMENT”

A.    Introduction

I observed my cousin’s son namely Kevin. He is 2,4 years old and very attractive child. He lives with his parents in Kec. Moramo. They are in one house with his grandfather and grandmother. His father’s name is Lodaris and his mother’s name is Nike. He is the first son and do not have younger brother or sister. His mother is a housewife and his father is a teacher at one of elementary school in Moramo. He lives in a society which is very friendly to their family. He also sometimes being brought to Kendari in my house on weekends. In his society, he also communicate with other baby, but sometimes there is trouble to them, sometimes they fight, so his mother always stay on his side. He also likes playing with my little brother when he come to my house. His mother always teach him to say words correctly when he is speaking although he can not, but his mother always train him. When his mother go somewhere, to the market for example, he is being kept by his grandmother. He can’t  drink ice or cool food and drinks. He never get serious injury before.

A good teacher is...

Name               : Ayu Astriani

Class                : TEFL B

No.                  : A1D2 10 032

1.      A good teacher for me is someone who have a strong personalities, can makes the learner understand what they are studying, will not feel bored and spiritfully continuing the study.

A strong personalities I mean here are responsible, sociable, tolerant, honest, fair, good looking, smart, proffesional, firm, hard worker, calm, comfortable, patient and punctual. For instance, a tolerant teacher. Teacher should give tolerance for students if the students for example, come late to class. A professional teacher, of course know how to treat this students. If the students always come late like that with the same reason, don’t give tolerance. If we give the wrong tolerance, it will kill their character. Such as the students who come late because of helping someone who get injured, if we don’t give tolerance, it will make them hate us or lazy to help others.

An english teacher should be able to explain what he/she teach. Not only explaining an understandably lesson, but he/she should make sure that the students uderstand. In this term, a good teacher should have a strong preparation (like, lesson plan, understanding of students characteristic, and can predict the possibility that would happen in the  class), good teaching process in the class, and justifiable evaluation in learning process.

Grammar: REPORTED SPEECH

Reported speech consists in telling somebody else what you or a person said before (Indirect Speech).

We use reported speech when we want to tell someone else what the first person said.

When reporting speech, a few changes occur:

Ø  TENSES 

Tense in "Direct speech"	Tense to use in reported speech
SIMPLE PRESENT	SIMPLE PAST
Cindy asked: "Do you like watching TV?" Gina said: "I don't mind watching TV, but there are things I like better	Cindy asked Gina if he liked watching TV Gina answered he didn't mind watching TV, but there were things he liked better.
PRESENT BE-ING	PAST BE-ING
Fajar declared: " I am thinking about moving"	Fajar declared that he was thinking about moving
PAST BE-ING	PAST PERFECT BE-ING
He told them: "I wasn't expecting your visit"	He told them that he hadn't been expecting their visit
PRESENT PERFECT	PAST PERFECT
She said: " “I have seen Julie”	She said that she had seen Julie
PRESENT PERFECT BE-ING	PAST PERFECT BE-ING
He asked: "Paul, how long have you been studying English?"	He asked Paul how long he had been studying English
PAST PERFECT	PAST PERFECT
They said: "We had worked hard"	They said that they had worked hard
PAST PERFECT BE-ING	PAST PERFECT BE-ING
He declared: " I  had been studying for two years"	He declared that he had been studying for two years
FUTURE (WILL)	CONDITIONAL (WOULD)
I asked: “Where will you spend your holiday?”	I asked where they would spend their holiday.
WILL + BE-ING	WOULD + BE-ING
Anna declared:" I will be announcing my engagement next month"	Anna declared that she would be announcing her engagement the following month
WOULD	WOULD
Tony said: "I would like something to eat. I wouldn't mind a drink either."	Tony said he would like something to drink and wouldn't mind a drink either.

Grammar: QUANTIFIERS (some of, many of, no longer, not any longer, not anymore)

0%, 10%, 50%, 100%, etc.
½, ¼, etc.
1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
one, two, three, four, etc.
one half, one third, one fourth, one quarter, one fifth, etc.
a bit, a couple, a few, a good deal, a good many, a great deal, a great many, a little, a little bit, a majority, a minority, a number, a quantity, all, an amount, another, any, any, both, certain, each, either, enough, enough, few, fewer, heaps, less, less, little, loads, lots, many, masses, more, most, much, much, neither, none, numbers, part, plenty, quantities, several, some, the, majority, the remainder, the rest, the whole, tons, various

Quantifiers are a type of determiner which denote imprecise quantity. They differ from numbers or numerals which indicate precise quantity.

The most common examples:
the most common quantifiers used in English are:

some / any ,  much, many, a lot, a few, several, enough.

There are three types of quantifier;
1. neutral quantifiers,
2. quantifiers of large quantity, and
3. quantifiers of small quantity

example of TOEFL reading test

Questions 1-9
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar
To that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an areas
5) a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People
are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may
not be harmed or removed.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce.
10) Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small (less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine

Novel Element analysis: Journey to the Centre of The Earth by Jules Verne

I.                   INTRODUCTION

This novel is about the quest to the centre of the earth. The expedition is led by Professor Otto Liedenbrock and includes Axel and their Icelandic guide Hans. Liedenbrock stumbles upon this discovery when he was going through a runic script. In the runic script he discovers a coded message written by an Icelandic alchemist Arne Saknussemm, saying that he has been to the centre of the earth. He goes on to describe how exactly he did it. So Professor Otto Liedenbrock, Axel, and Hans go to Sneffels where they are let down by cloudy skies. But on the last day the sun comes out and they enter the correct crater.

Jules Verne was born in France (1828) and died (1905), spending his life writing many books. After his first book was published in 1863, he devoted his life to writing. Verne had no formal training in science. His passion was geography; everything else he learned from his reading, which included about fifteen newspapers a day. He took voluminous notes giving him a good sense of the emerging knowledge in many fields. He was very modest about his ability to predict inventions, saying he only extended what was already happening at the time.

Shooting an Elephant By George Orwell

. In Moulmein, in Lower Burma, I was hated by large numbers of people — the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me. I was sub-divisional police officer of the town, and in an aimless, petty kind of way anti-European feeling was very bitter. No one had the guts to raise a riot, but if a European woman went through the bazaars alone somebody would probably spit betel juice over her dress. As a police officer I was an obvious target and was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so. When a nimble Burman tripped me up on the football field and the referee (another Burman) looked the other way, the crowd yelled with hideous laughter. This happened more than once. In the end the sneering yellow faces of young men that met me everywhere, the insults hooted after me when I was at a safe distance, got badly on my nerves. The young Buddhist priests were the worst of all. There were several thousands of them in

Two Friends By Guy de Maupassant

Besieged Paris was in the throes of famine. Even the sparrows on the roofs and the rats in the sewers were growing scarce. People were eating anything they could get.

As Monsieur Morissot, watchmaker by profession and idler for the nonce, was strolling along the boulevard one bright January morning, his hands in his trousers pockets and stomach empty, he suddenly came face to face with an acquaintance--Monsieur Sauvage, a fishing chum.

Before the war broke out Morissot had been in the habit, every Sunday morning, of setting forth with a bamboo rod in his hand and a tin box on his back. He took the Argenteuil train, got out at Colombes, and walked thence to the Ile Marante. The moment he arrived at this place of his dreams he began fishing, and fished till nightfall.

Backround of Short Story: Two Friends By Guy de Maupassant

Writer’s background : Guy de Maupassant

Guy de Maupassant wrote short stories like "The Necklace" and "Bel Amim," but he also wrote poetry and novels. He was an author of the naturalistic school.

Guy de Maupassant Birth:

Guy de Maupassant was probably born at the Château de Miromesniel, Dieppe on August 5, 1850. His paternal ancestors were noble, and his maternal grandfather, Paul Le Poittevin, was Gustave Flaubert's godfather. His parents separated when he was 11 years old. Maupassant stayed with his mother, who was a friend of Gustave Flaubert.

Guy de Maupassant Death:

After a suicide attempt in 1891 (he tried to cut his throat), Guy de Maupassant spent the last 18 months of his life in a Paris mental home (the celebrated private asylum of Dr. Espirit Blanche).

CHARACTER AND ROLE ANALYSIS RESOURCE “OLIVER TWIST by CHARLES DICKENS”

Major Character: OLIVER TWIST

PHYSICAL QUALITIES

1.     Who is he?

ü  For the next eight or ten months, Oliver was the victim of a systematic course of treachery and deception. He was brought up by hand. The hungry and destitute situation of the infant orphan was duly reported by the workhouse authorities to the parish authorities...” (page 3)

ü  'Well, well!' said the old gentleman at length, in a more cheerful tone,..........You say you are an orphan, without a friend in the world; (page 61)

Oliver is an orphan in a workhouse. He lives without family.

2.     Who is he named after?  Does he like his name?

ü  "How comes he to have any name at all, then?"

The beadle drew himself up with great pride, and said, "I inwented it."

"You, Mr. Bumble!"

"I, Mrs. Mann. We name our foundlin’s in alphabetical order. The last was a S,-- Swubble: I named him. This was a T,-- Twist: I named him." (page 5)

how to construct an argumentative essay

Planning Stage

For an argument essay to be effective, it must contain certain elements. For this reason, you must take a few minutes to plan and prepare before you jump into writing an argument essay.

Find a Good Topic

To find good topic for an argument essay you should consider several issues that will have two conflicting points of view or very different conclusions. As you look over a list of topics you should find one that really sparks your interest.

While a strong interest in a topic is important, it's not enough to be interested. You have to consider what position you can back up with reasoning and evidence. It's one thing to have a strong belief, but when shaping an argument you'll have to explain why your belief is reasonable and logical.

As you explore the topics, make a mental list of points you could use as evidence for or against an issue.

Consider Both Sides of Your Topic and Take a Position

Once you have selected a topic you feel strongly about, you should make a list of points for both sides of the argument and pick a side. One of your first objectives

NOVEL ANALYSIS “CRIME AND PUNISHMENT” by FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY (with related quotation)

INTRODUCTION

This story, Crime and Punishment, is written by Fyodor Dostoevsky. This novel is the first great novel of his "mature period" of writing. Crime and Punishment focuses on the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Raskolnikov, who thinks a plan to kill a pawnbroker and steal her articles. Raskolnikov argues that with the pawnbroker's money he can counterbalance the crime. He also commits this murder to test his own hypothesis that some people are naturally capable of doing such things, and even have the right to do them.

The book shows that his punishment results more from his conscience than from the law. He committed murder with the belief that he possessed enough intellectual and emotional. It is only in the epilogue that he realizes his formal punishment, having decided to confess and end his alienation.

CHARACTERIZATION ANALYSIS “THE NECKLACE by GUY DE MAUPASSANT”

Mathilda

Provide a quote from the story that illustrates a characteristic and page number	Explain what this quote reveals about the character and how
Method 1: Physical description  She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans.(page 1) ~ She was the prettiest woman present, elegant, graceful, smiling, and quite above herself with happiness.(page 3) ~ Madame Loisel looked old now. She had become like all the other strong, hard, coarse women of poor households. Her hair was badly done, her skirts were awry, her hands were red. She spoke in a shrill voice, and the water slopped all over the floor when she scrubbed it.(page 5)	Ø  Mathilde is a beautifull woman and she is charming. Ø  In the ball, narrator tells us that Mathilde was the prettiest woman there with her elegance and gracefullness, she was very happy about it as she realized that she is the object centre. Ø  After years working hard, do all kind of works that she can, she looked old and ugly. She has a bad hair, ugly clothes, ugly hands because of her hard work. Her voice become bad too.
Method 2: Words and action Instead of being delighted, as her husband hoped, she flung the invitation petulantly across the table, murmuring:      "What do you want me to do with this?" ~     She was not convinced.      "No . . . there's nothing so humiliating as looking poor in the middle of a lot of rich women." (page 2) ~ She danced madly, ecstatically, drunk with pleasure, with no thought for anything, in the triumph of her beauty, in the pride of her success, in a cloud of happiness made up of this universal homage and admiration, of the desires she had aroused, of the completeness of a victory so dear to her feminine heart.(page 3) ~      "What's the matter with you?" asked her husband, already half undressed.      She turned towards him in the utmost distress.      "I . . . I . . . I've no longer got Madame Forestier's necklace. . . ."      He started with astonishment.      "What! . . . Impossible!"      They searched in the folds of her dress, in the folds of the coat, in the pockets, everywhere. They could not find it. (page 4) ~ Then they went from jeweller to jeweller, searching for another necklace like the first, consulting their memories, both ill with remorse and anguish of mind.      In a shop at the Palais-Royal they found a string of diamonds which seemed to them exactly like the one they were looking for. It was worth forty thousand francs. They were allowed to have it for thirty-six thousand.      They begged the jeweller not to sell it for three days. And they arranged matters on the understanding that it would be taken back for thirty-four thousand francs, if the first one were found before the end of February.(page 5)	Ø  She is not confidence. She just flung the invitation. From the text, we can identify that mathilde is afraid to go because of her condition. She doesn’t want to appear in front of rich people with her condition now. Ø  From this text, it shows that mathilde is unconfidence. She doesn’t want to look embarashed in front of rich people. Ø  She is proud of herself. And because of her over proud as she knows that she is the most looked woman in the ball, so she dance madly and doesn’t think of anything else. She feel so perfect that night. Ø  She is careless. She doesn’t even care to her borrowed necklace as she dance madly and proud of herself. And they’ve just realized it in their home. Ø  She is a hardwork and responsible woman. She force to get the replacement. She doesn’t want her friend think bad about her. so, she and her husband, try hard to replace the neclace by going to the jeweller, find on the shops, begged to the jeweller to not to sell the neclace which look same with the lose one. They also lend a high amount of money.
Method 3: Thoughts "You ought to have brought it back sooner; I might have needed it."      She did not, as her friend had feared, open the case. If she had noticed the substitution, what would she have thought? What would she have said? Would she not have taken her for a thief? (page 5) ~ This fearful debt must be paid off. She would pay it. The servant was dismissed. They changed their flat; they took a garret under the roof.(page 5) ~ Madame Loisel was conscious of some emotion. Should she speak to her? Yes, certainly. And now that she had paid, she would tell her all. Why not?      She went up to her.(page 6)	Ø  She is responsible. She doesn’t want her friend to think something bad about her because she still not bring the necklace back to Foreister. Ø  From this text, we also could identify that mathilde is responsible and she has willingness to paid all her debt. So she and her husband do anything possible to cover their owe. Ø  In the last page, mathilde is afraid to face her friend at first, she asks herself about greeting her friend or not. She doubt but then she be brave because she have did something wrong that make her life full of fearfullness and she thinks that she should receive her faith.
Method 4: words/actions/feelings of other characters or narrator toward character      "Why, darling, I thought you'd be pleased. You never go out, and this is a great occasion. I had tremendous trouble to get it. Every one wants one; it's very select, and very few go to the clerks. You'll see all the really big people there."(page 1) ~     Loisel restrained her.      "Wait a little. You'll catch cold in the open. I'm going to fetch a cab." But she did not listen to him and rapidly descended the staircase. When they were out in the street they could not find a cab; they began to look for one, shouting at the drivers whom they saw passing in the distance. (page 3) ~ The other did not recognise her, and was surprised at being thus familiarly addressed by a poor woman.      "But . . . Madame . . ." she stammered. "I don't know . . . you must be making a mistake."      "No . . . I am Mathilde Loisel."      Her friend uttered a cry.      "Oh! . . . my poor Mathilde, how you have changed! . . ."(page 6)	Ø  According to her husband, mathilde, actually, wants to go out to such occation. But unfortunately, he doesn’t know that mathilde wants to appear with perfect appearance. Ø  She is careless because she doesn’t want to listen to her husband. But in here, we still can see that mathilda is responsible to her trouble. Ø  Her friend who had borrowed her the necklace, Madam Foreister, doesn’t recognise her, it means that mathilde who in the past is beautiful now become old and ugly after 10 years.
Method 5: Direct characterization;narrator’s direct comments Madame Loisel was a success. She was the prettiest woman present, elegant, graceful, smiling, and quite above herself with happiness. All the men stared at her, inquired her name, and asked to be introduced to her. (page 3) ~ She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction; and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education. Her tastes were simple because she had never been able to afford any other, but she was as unhappy as though she had married beneath her;... (page 1)	Ø  From this text, narrator directly said that mathilde is the prettiest, elegant, graceful, smiling and quite about herself with happiness. She is also interesting because all men stared at her and asked to be introduced to her. Ø  Directly, narrator said that mathilde had no marriage portion, no expetations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, she had a simple taste and just let herself to be married to a little clerk.

  

MR. LOISEL

Provide a quote from the story that illustrates a characteristic and page number	Explain what this quote reveals about the character and how
Method 1: Physical description	I don’t get any physical description of Mr. Loisel.
Method 2: Words and action "How stupid you are!" exclaimed her husband. "Go and see Madame Forestier and ask her to lend you some jewels. You know her quite well enough for that."      She uttered a cry of delight.      "That's true. I never thought of it." (page 2) ~ Loisel restrained her.      "Wait a little. You'll catch cold in the open. I'm going to fetch a cab."(page 3) ~ Her husband returned about seven. He had found nothing.      He went to the police station, to the newspapers, to offer a reward, to the cab companies, everywhere that a ray of hope impelled him.(page 4) ~      "You must write to your friend," he said, "and tell her that you've broken the clasp of her necklace and are getting it mended. That will give us time to look about us."(page 4) ~ He did borrow it, getting a thousand from one man, five hundred from another, five louis here, three louis there. He gave notes of hand, entered into ruinous agreements, did business with usurers and the whole tribe of money-lenders. He mortgaged the whole remaining years of his existence, risked his signature without even knowing if he could honour it, and, appalled at the agonising face of the future, at the black misery about to fall upon him, at the prospect of every possible physical privation and moral torture, he went to get the new necklace and put down upon the jeweller's counter thirty-six thousand francs.(page 5) ~      Her husband worked in the evenings at putting straight a merchant's accounts, and often at night he did copying at twopence-halfpenny a page. (page 5)	Ø  He is clever. He know what his wife should do to overcome her problem about jewel without take out some money to buy it. Ø  He loves her wife. He doesn’t want to let her go outside because she could get sick. Ø  He is a hardworker. He really force to get the necklace. He finds it everywhere. Ø  He is clever to find reason for his wife so they have time to look for the new same necklace. Ø  He also be responsible to the losing of necklace, he works hard to lend money from everywhere which possible to lend money. Ø  He is a responsible and hardworker man. He works hard to pay the debt.
Method 3: Thoughts He grew slightly pale, for this was exactly the amount he had been saving for a gun, intending to get a little shooting next summer on the plain of Nanterre with some friends who went lark-shooting there on Sundays.(page 2)	Ø  He loves her wife very much. We can identify by his thought when he wants to give his saving to his wife, that the money is for his dreams to get a little shooting next summer. But he sacrifices it because he doesn’t want to see his wife sad and disappointed.
Method 4: words/actions/feelings of other characters or narrator toward character      She looked at him out of furious eyes, and said impatiently: "And what do you suppose I am to wear at such an affair?"      He had not thought about it; he stammered:	Ø  Mathilde said to her husband with furious eyes, she may feel that her husband doesn’t understand her much.
Method 5: Direct characterization;narrator’s direct comments ....an immediate refusal and an exclamation of horror from the careful-minded clerk. (page 2)	Ø  He directly being characterized by the narrator as a careful-minded clerk.

MADAME FOREISTER

Provide a quote from the story that illustrates a characteristic and page number	Explain what this quote reveals about the character and how
Method 1: Physical description   It was Madame Forestier, still young, still beautiful, still attractive.(page 6)	Ø  Madame Foreister is still look young, beautiful and interesting even after 10 years mathilde last meet her.
Method 2: Words and action Next day she went to see her friend and told her her trouble.      Madame Forestier went to her dressing-table, took up a large box, brought it to Madame Loisel, opened it, and said:      "Choose, my dear." (page 3) ~      "Yes. Look for yourself. I don't know what you would like best." (page 3)      Then, with hesitation, she asked in anguish:      "Could you lend me this, just this alone?"      "Yes, of course." (page 3) ~      The other did not recognise her, and was surprised at being thus familiarly addressed by a poor woman.      "But . . . Madame . . ." she stammered. "I don't know . . . you must be making a mistake."      "No . . . I am Mathilde Loisel."      Her friend uttered a cry.      "Oh! . . . my poor Mathilde, how you have changed! . . ."(page 6)	Ø  Foreister is a Kind woman, she wants to listen to her friend trouble and let her choose and borrow her jewel. Ø  She is kind. She doesn’t force mathilde about what she should choose. She gave Mathilde freedom to choose the jewel she likes. And kindly answer yes to the request of mathilde. Ø  She still call her friend although at first she saw mathilde, she doesn’t recognise her.
Method 3: Thoughts
Method 4: words/actions/feelings of other characters or narrator toward character      One Sunday, as she had gone for a walk along the Champs-Elysees to freshen herself after the labours of the week, she caught sight suddenly of a woman who was taking a child out for a walk. It was Madame Forestier, still young, still beautiful, still attractive.(page 6)	Ø  Mathilde feel afraid to meet and greet foreister because may be mathilde thinks that foreister will not recognise of her uglyness while madam foreister is still looked young, beautiful and atractive.
Method 5: Direct characterization;narrator’s direct comments